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ماتریس خارجسلولی
Recent studies using selective depletion of macrophages during repair of skin, liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle and other tissues have demonstrated multiple critical functions, including regulation of angio- genesis, granulation tissue formation and extracellular matrix assembly [4,9-12].
M1-like macrophages and pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to stimulate angiogenesis [7,25,26], while M2-like macrophages have been shown to stabilize angiogenesis, promote fibroblast proliferation and orchestrate extracellular matrix assembly [26-29].
Abbreviations: DAMPs, damage/danger-associated molecular patterns; ECM, extracellular matrix; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; GC, gluococorticoid; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; GT, granulation tissue; HA (in text), hyaluronan; HA (in table), hemorrhage-associated; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IL-(1β, 6, 10, etc.)
A preliminary, vascularized extracellular matrix (ECM), called the granulation tissue (GT), is laid down and keratinocytes migrate upon it to close the wound.
In the beginning of the final remodeling phase, macrophages release matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to breakdown the provisional extracellular matrix, and then apoptose so that the skin can mature to its original, non-wounded state (Vannella and Wynn, 2017).
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